Data sourced from FasterCures, a center of the Milken Institute.
Interactive visualization by FirstPerson, a design & storytelling company.
276
vaccines are in development.
109
are now in clinical testing.
24
are in use.
The race to develop, approve, and manufacture COVID-19 vaccines is fluid—and urgent.
Scroll
Leading Vaccines
Phase
BioNTech/Pfizer
Approved
Moderna
Authorized
Sinovac/Instituto Butantan
Phase III
Wuhan Inst./Sinopharm
Phase III
Novavax
Phase III
vaccines in use
Key
Inactivated Virus
Live Attenuated Virus
Protein Subunit
DNA-Based
RNA-Based
Replicating Viral Vector
Non-Replicating Viral Vector
Virus-Like Particle
Other Vaccines
Vaccine Categories
Phases
I
Phase One
II
Phase Two
III
Phase Three
RR
Regulatory Review
AU
Authorized
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View data for vaccines and treatments.
HOW TO READ THE
SYRINGE Graphic
SYRINGE Graphic
There are currently
These fall into
At this time,
But not all vaccines are created equal.
276
vaccines in development for COVID-19.
This syringe represents vaccines currently in development. Each row is an individual vaccine.
How many are out of the pre-clinical phase?
9
different product categories/platforms.
Inactivated Virus
Live Attenuated Virus
Protein Subunit
DNA-Based
RNA-Based
Replicating Viral Vector
Non-Replicating Viral Vector
Virus-Like Particle
Other Vaccines
Vaccine Categories
More about the timeline, phases, manufacturing, and approaches to develop a COVID-19 vaccine.
Clinical trial phases read in columns from left to right on the syringe.
109
vaccines are in clinical testing.
I
II
III
RR
AU
Timeline
The vaccine development process typically takes a decade, but COVID-19 timelines are being compressed due to the global urgency of the pandemic.
Typical Vaccine Development
Possible COVID-19 vaccine development
12-18 MOnths
~10 Years
Many suggested a timeline from start of development to public use would be 12 -18 months from January 2020, when the genetic sequence of the virus that causes COVID-19 was published.
After completing large-scale clinical trials, the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine was the first to be authorized for emergency use after 11 months.
After completing large-scale clinical trials, the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine was the first to be authorized for emergency use after 11 months.
How Vaccines Work
Weak Germs Injected
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause the disease, either killed or weakened, or they contain genetic instructions that code for the disease.
Antibodies Created
They stimulate your immune system to produce antibodies, as if you were exposed to the germ.
Immunity Developed
After getting vaccinated, one develops immunity to that disease without having to get it first.
Vaccines don’t cure diseases.
They prevent them.
stages of development
After pre-clinical studies are completed, the multiple phases of the clinical trial process test whether new vaccines are safe and effective before going public—culminating in a regulatory review. Phase IV is post-approval and monitors real-world effectiveness.
This process usually takes approximately 10 years, but governments and industry are fast-tracking these vaccines while maintaining safety and efficacy standards.
PRE
Pre-Clinical Phase
- Collects data to support feasibility and safety
- Involves iterative non-human testing
- Evaluates toxic and pharmacological effects
- Normally occurs before human testing can begin
I
Clinical phase
- Small study of healthy people
- Evaluates safety and immune response at different doses
- Typically takes 1-2 years, but for COVID-19 trials, expected to take 3 months
II
Clinical phase
- Studies 100s of people
- Further evaluates safety, assesses efficacy, and informs optimal dose and vaccine schedule
- Typically takes 2-3 years, but for COVID-19 trials, expected to take 8 months
III
Clinical phase
- Studies 1000s of people
- Further evaluates safety and efficacy
- Typically takes 2-4 years, but for COVID-19 trials, may be combined with Phase II
RR
Regulatory Review
- Government agency reviews trial data and licensing application information before authorization
- Can happen while manufacturing has started
- Typically takes 1-2 years, but for COVID-19, expedited to take a few months
IV
Clinical Phase
- Post-approval studies that monitor effectiveness in real-world conditions
- Testing begins after vaccine has been released to public
Once a vaccine is approved, do we get it right away?
Early Manufacturing
Oftentimes developers will try to ensure that enough of a vaccine is ready to ship the moment approval comes in by beginning the manufacturing process during clinical trials.
But a manufacturer loses significant resources if approval doesn’t come or a vaccine is no longer needed in the marketplace. The more vaccines produced, the more risk incurred. To mitigate risk and encourage manufacturing, governments, industry and international organizations are working together.
Pre
I
II
III
RR
IV
NON-IDEAL CASE
Developer manufactures mass quantities of a vaccine, but does not get approval, leaving the public without a vaccine and resources put into manufacturing lost. For COVID-19 vaccine development, private philanthropy has pledged to pay the lost costs for this scenario.
Pre
I
II
III
RR
IV
GOOD CASE
Developer gets fast approval, but has not manufactured enough of a vaccine to distribute in mass quantities. The public must wait longer for more vaccines to become available.
Pre
I
II
III
RR
IV
BEST CASE
Developer gets fast approval and has been concurrently manufacturing the vaccine during clinical trials.
The vaccine is now ready to distribute in mass quantities.
A race ARound the world
To expedite development and distribution of a vaccine, unprecedented international alliances have been formed and billions have been allocated. But simultaneous initial development will eventually give way, and only a select few of the most promising candidates will receive funding towards eventual licensing and distribution.
That is why many different types of vaccines are being researched and tested—some traditional, others experimental. Each product category has its own advantages and disadvantages, and we will likely need more than one vaccine to protect all people around the globe.
Meet the candidates.
Inactivated virus
These consist of viruses grown in culture and then killed as a means to reduce virulence (ability to infect and cause harm) and thus prevent infection from the vaccine. One benefit is they can be given to people with weakened immune systems. Examples include polio and influenza vaccines.
Bharat Biotech/ Indian Council of Medical Research/ National Institute of Virology/ Ocugen/ Precisa Medicamentos
Inactivated; whole-virion (COVAXIN) (BBV152)
Product Description
Valneva/ Dynavax/ National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom
Inactivated (Inactivated + CpG 1018), VLA2001
Product Description
Sinovac/ Instituto Butantan/ Bio Farma
Inactivated (inactivated + alum); CoronaVac (formerly PiCoVacc); VACSERA in Egypt
Product Description
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Republic of Kazakhstan
Inactivated, (QazCovid-in®)
Product Description
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm
Inactivated, (BBIBP-CorV)
Product Description
Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co.,Ltd./ Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Vero cell, (KCONVAC)
Product Description
Erciyes University
Inactivated; (ERUCOV-VAC), (TURKOVAC)
Product Description
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/ Sinopharm
Inactivated
Product Description
Kocak Farma Ilac ve Kimya San. A.S.
Inactivated
Product Description
Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Whole virion inactivated vaccine, CoviVac
Product Description
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Inactivated
Product Description
Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co
COVID-19 inactivated vaccine (COVIran Barekat)
Product Description
Government
Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO; Thailand) / Dynavax / PATH
Inactivated, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) based chimeric vaccine with or without the adjuvant CpG 1018; (NDV-HXP-S)
Product Description
KM Biologics
Inactivated (inactivated + alum); (KD-414)
Product Description
Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals (IVAC; Vietnam) / Dynavax / PATH
Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018, (COVIVAC)
Product Description
Laboratorio Avi-Mex/ National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico/ Agencia Mexicana de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AMEXID)
Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV), ("Patria")
Product Description
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
Adjuvanted inactivated vaccine
Product Description
National Research Centre, Egypt
Inactivated; whole virus; (NRC-VACC-01)
Product Description
Institute
Butantan (Brazil) / Dynavax / PATH
Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018
Product Description
Sinovac/ Dynavax
Inactivated + adjuvant (CpG 1018)
Product Description
Selcuk University
Inactivated
Product Description
Osaka University / BIKEN / NIBIOHN
Inactivated
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
Live attenuated virus
In contrast to inactivated virus vaccines, these vaccines, also whole viruses, are live to elicit a stronger immune response but weakened to reduce virulence. Examples include those for measles, mumps, and tuberculosis.
Codagenix / Serum Institute of India
Single-dose, intranasal, live attenuated vaccine, (COVI-VAC)
Product Description
Meissa Vaccines
Intranasal live-attenuated chimeric vaccine candidate, (MV-014-212)
Product Description
Indian Immunologicals Ltd/ Griffith University
Codon deoptimized live attenuated virus
Product Description
Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University/ Acıbadem Labmed Health Services A.S.
Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
Protein subunit
Rather than introducing whole viruses to an immune system, a fragment of the virus is used to trigger an immune response and stimulate immunity. Examples include the subunit vaccines against Hepatitis B and shingles.
Sanofi Pasteur/ GSK
Protein subunit; S protein, baculovirus production; (Vidprevtyn)
Product Description
Novavax/Emergent Biosolutions/ Praha Vaccines/ Biofabri/ Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies/ FDB/ Serum Institute of India/ SK bioscience/ Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited/ AGC Biologics/ PolyPeptide Group/ Endo
Protein subunit; Full length recombinant SARs COV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M; (NVX-CoV2373) (SARS-CoV-2 rS)
Product Description
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/ Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer); ( ZF2001)
Product Description
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana
CIGB-66 (RBD + aluminum hydroxide)
Product Description
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp/ NIAID/ Dynavax
MVC-COV1901 vaccine injection; S-2 P protein + CpG 1018
Product Description
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein vaccine (Razi Cov Pars)
Product Description
Vaxine Pty Ltd/ Flinders University/ Oracle/ Medytox/ Sypharma/ Oxford Expression Technologies
Protein subunit; recombinant spike protein with Advax adjuvant (COVAX-19), (SpikoGen)
Product Description
Biological E Ltd/ Dynavax/ Baylor College of Medicine
Protein subunit; (BECOV2)
Product Description
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas
rRBD produced in CHO-cell chemically conjugate to tetanus toxoid; (FINLAY-FR-2) (SOBERANA 02); PastuCovac in Iran
Product Description
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, aluminum adjuvanted, (Nanocovax)
Product Description
Federal Budgetary Research Institution (FBRI) State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR"
Peptide vaccine, EpiVacCorona
Product Description
Shionogi & Co., Ltd./ National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
Recombinant protein vaccine S-268019, baculovirus expression
Product Description
Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./ Dynavax
Protein subunit, native like trimeric subunit spike protein; (SCB-2019)
Product Description
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas
RBD + adjuvant booster dose that contains spike-protein fragments, (SOBERANA PLUS)
Product Description
Vaxxinity, Inc. (formerly COVAXX and United Neuroscience)/ University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)/ DASA/ United Biomedical Inc. Asia
S1-RBD-protein; Multitope Peptide-Based Vaccine (MVP); UB-612
Product Description
AdaptVac (PREVENT-nCoV consortium)
Protein subunit, capsid-like particle (CLP); (ABNCoV2)
Product Description
West China Hospital, Sichuan University
RBD (baculovirus production
expressed in Sf9 cells)
Product Description
Laboratorios Hipra, S.A.
Recombinant Protein RBD
Product Description
SK bioscience/ GSK/ Institute for Protein Design (IPD) at the University of Washington (UW)
SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein nanoparticle vaccine, (GBP510)
Product Description
University Medical Center Groningen/ Akston Biosciences Corporation/ LakePharma
SARS-CoV-2-RBD-Fc fusion protein; (AKS-452)
Product Description
VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan
Protein subunit, adjuvanted microsphere peptide, (COVAC-1 & COVAC-2)
Product Description
Kentucky BioProcessing (British American Tobacco)
RBD-based, (KBP-COVID-19)
Product Description
National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CHO Cell)
Product Description
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas
RBD + Adjuvant (FINLAY-FR-1) (SOBERANA 01)
Product Description
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana
CIGB-669 (RBD-AgnHB)
Product Description
University Hospital Tuebingen
SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides, (CoVAC-1)
Product Description
OSE Immunotherapeutics/ Cenexi
T cell-based vaccine platform (CoVepiT)
Product Description
Baiya Phytopharm/ Chula Vaccine Research Center
Plant-based subunit (RBD-Fc + Adjuvant)
Product Description
Emergex Vaccines Holdings/ Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante)/ University of Lausanne, Switzerland/ University of Lausanne Hospitals
T-Cell Priming Peptide Vaccine Against Coronavirus COVID-19, (naNO-COVID)
Product Description
HK inno.N Corporation (formerly CJ HealthCare)
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, (IN-B009)
Product Description
Yisheng Biopharma
PIKA-Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein Subunit Vaccine
Product Description
Adimmune
Corporation
Baculovirus-insect cells expression system, spike (S) protein (tAdimrSC-2f)
Product Description
Shanghai
Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd/ Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine (CHO Cell); (202-CoV )
Product Description
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) / U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
Protein subunit; S protein (SpFN)
Product Description
Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Recombinant SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus fusion protein vaccine, (V-01)
Product Description
University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus
Protein subunit; molecular clamp stabilized Spike protein with MF59 adjuvant
Product Description
PT Bio Farma
SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine
Product Description
Sinocelltech Ltd.
Bivalent Recombinant Trimeric S Protein Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants, (SCTV01C)
Product Description
Clover Biopharmaceuticals AUS Pty Ltd
Adjuvanted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein (from B.1.351 variant) subunit vaccine; (SCB-2020S)
Product Description
VaxForm
CoV2-OGEN1, protein-based vaccine
Product Description
PDS Biotechnology
PDS-0203; Versamune T-cell activating technology
Product Description
Intravacc/Epivax
Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV)-subunit
Product Description
IMV, Inc., Canadian Center for Vaccinology at Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canadian Immunization Research Network, University of Laval, Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development in Canada
Protein subunit; DPX-COVID-19, protein subunit, peptide antigens formulated in LNP
Product Description
Flow Pharma
Protein subunit, peptide
Product Description
Generex / EpiVax
Protein subunit; Ii-Key peptide
Product Description
Vaxil Bio
Protein subunit; peptide
Product Description
Bogazici University
Peptide + novel adjuvant
Product Description
LakePharma, Inc.
Protein subunit, nanoparticle vaccine
Product Description
Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) / Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH)
RBD protein (baculovirus production) + FAR-Squalene adjuvant
Product Description
MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, GC Pharma
Protein subunit
Product Description
Axon Neuroscience SE
Peptides derived from Spike protein; (ACvac1)
Product Description
Vabiotech
Protein subunit, recombinant S protein in IC-BEVS
Product Description
Neo7Logix
Peptides
Product Description
Ohio State University/ Kazakh National Agrarian University
RBD protein delivered in mannose-conjugated chitosan nanoparticle
Product Description
Tampere University
Recombinant S protein produced in BEVS
Product Description
Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan/ National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections
Recombinant spike protein with Essai O/W 1849101 adjuvant
Product Description
Kazakh National Agrarian University
Recombinant spike protein with Essai O/W 1849101 adjuvant
Product Description
Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
Recombinant S protein
Product Description
AnyGo Technology
Protein subunit, recombinant S1-Fc fusion protein
Product Description
Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center
Recombinant S protein
Product Description
iBio / CC-Pharming
Protein subunit; Subunit protein, plant produced
Product Description
BiOMVis Srl/ University of Trento
OMV-based vaccine
Product Description
Heat Biologics (Zolovax)/ University of Miami/ Waisman Biomanufacturing
Protein subunit (gp-96 backbone)
Product Description
St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums
Protein subunit, recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on S-protein and other epitopes)
Product Description
ImmunoPrecise/ LiteVax BV
Spike-based (epitope screening)
Product Description
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Structurally modified spherical particles of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Product Description
National
Research Centre, Egypt
Protein Subunit S, N, M & S1 protein
Product Description
EpiVax / University of Georgia
Protein subunit; S protein
Product Description
Research
Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan
Protein subunit
Product Description
Baylor College of Medicine
Protein subunit; S1 or RBD protein
Product Description
University of Alberta
Protein subunit; spike based
Product Description
Soligenix/ University of Hawaii at Mānoa
CiVax™ COVID-19 vaccine candidate; spike protein + novel adjuvant
Product Description
Intravacc/Epivax
Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV)-peptide
Product Description
Neovii/Tel Aviv University
RBD-based
Product Description
University of California, San Diego
Protein subunit; plant virus nanotechnology formulated as injectable and microneedle patch
Product Description
Osaka University / BIKEN / National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan
Protein subunit, VLP-recombinant protein + adjuvant
Product Description
InnoMedica
Protein subunit, TaliCoVax19
Product Description
Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso & Trinity Immonoefficient Laboratory, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Subunit
Product Description
University of Pittsburgh
PittCoVacc, Protein subunit, microneedle arrays S1 subunit
Product Description
OncoGen
Protein subunit, synthetic long peptide vaccine candidate for S and M proteins
Product Description
Innovax / Xiamen University / GSK
Protein subunit; COVID-19 XWG-03 truncated Spike proteins
Product Description
Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc.
Orally delivered, heat stable subunit
Product Description
MIGAL Galilee Research Institute
Protein subunit; oral E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins
Product Description
University of Virginia
S subunit intranasal liposomal formulation with GLA/3M052 adjs.
Product Description
University of San Martin and CONICET, Argentina
Protein subunit
Product Description
Quadram Institute Biosciences
OMV-based vaccine
Product Description
ExpreS2ion
Protein subunit, drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs
Product Description
Federal Budgetary Research Institution (FBRI) State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR"
Subunit vaccine
Product Description
UMN Pharma (Shionogi)
Protein subunit; recombinant protein vaccine, utilizing baculovirus expression vector system technology
Product Description
EpiVax
Protein subunit EPV-CoV-19
Product Description
Sorrento Therapeutics
Recombinant fusion protein of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domain and human IgG Fc (T-VIVA-19)
Product Description
AJ Vaccines
Protein subunit; S protein
Product Description
Mynvax
RBD-protein
Product Description
Verndari/ University of California, Davis
Spike protein; VaxiPatch microneedle array dermal patch
Product Description
Chulalongkorn University/ GPO, Thailand
RBD protein fused with Fc of IgG + Adjuvant
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
DNA-Based
These next-gen vaccines work through introducing viral genetic material (DNA) that cells use to make viral proteins that induce a range of immune response types. They can potentially be developed more quickly and easily than other vaccines, but no DNA vaccines have been approved for human use.
Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited
DNA; (ZyCoV-D) plasmid vaccine
Product Description
Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology/ VGXI Inc./ Richter-Helm BioLogics/ Ology Bioservices/ International Vaccine Institute/ Seoul National University Hospital/ Thermo Fisher Scientific/ Kaneka Eurogentec
DNA; (INO-4800) plasmid vaccine with electroporation
Product Description
Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio/ Cytiva/ Brickell Biotech
DNA; (AG0301 & AG0302) plasmid vaccine + adjuvant
Product Description
Vaccibody AS
Second generation DNA plasmid vaccine, T-cell; VB10.2210 (C2)
Product Description
Vaccibody
AS
Second-generation DNA plasmid vaccine, RBD; VB10.2129 (C1)
Product Description
Genexine Consortium (GenNBio, International Vaccine Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)/ Binex/ PT Kalbe Pharma
DNA; (formerly GX-19) (GX-19N)
Product Description
GeneOne
Life Science
DNA; (GLS-5310)
Product Description
Entos Pharmaceuticals/ Cytiva
DNA; (Covigenix)
Product Description
Takis/ Applied DNA Sciences/ Evvivax/ Rottapharm Biotech
DNA (COVID-eVax)
Product Description
Scancell/ University of Nottingham/ Nottingham Trent University
DNA; plasmid vaccine RBD&N;
Product Description
BioNet Asia/ Technovalia/ Vax4COVID/ The University of Sydney/ The University of Western Australia/ Telethon Kids Institute/ PharmaJet
DNA; (COVIGEN) needle-free delivery
Product Description
Symvivo
DNA; bacTRL-Spike
Product Description
OncoSec Medical Incorporated / Providence Cancer Institute
(CORVax12), IL-12 expression platform + “S” glycoprotein
Product Description
The University of Hong Kong/ Immuno Cure 3 Limited
SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Delivered Intramuscularly Followed by Electroporation
Product Description
Statens Serum Institute, Denmark
DNA; (CoVAXIX) plasmid vaccine
Product Description
National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia
Plasmid DNA, nanostructured RBD
Product Description
Globe Biotech Limited, Bangladesh
DNA plasmid vaccine
Product Description
University of Cambridge/ DIOSynVax/ PharmaJet
DNA; (DIOS-CoVax2) synthetic gene inserts compatible with multiple delivery systems
Product Description
Mediphage Bioceuticals/ University of Waterloo/ Lambton College
DNA; msDNA-VLP
Product Description
Immunomic Therapeutics/ EpiVax/ PharmaJet
DNA; plasmid vaccine, needle-free delivery
Product Description
Chula Vaccine Research Center
DNA with electroporation
Product Description
OPENCORONA Project: Karolinska Institute/ Justus Liebig University Giessen/ Public Health Agency of Sweden (FoHM)/ IGEA/ Cobra Biologics/ Adlego Biomedical/ Region Stockholm
DNA with electroporation
Product Description
National
Research Centre, Egypt
DNA; plasmid vaccine S, S1, S2, RBD & N
Product Description
Ege University Drug Development and Pharmacokinetic Research Application Center (ARGEFAR)/ Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
DNA
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
RNA-based
Similar to DNA vaccines, these experimental vaccines provide immunity through introduction of genetic material (RNA). RNA vaccines can also be potentially developed more quickly and easily than other vaccines. The BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine is the first RNA vaccine authorized for human use.
Moderna/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)/ Lonza/ Catalent/ Rovi/ Medidata/ BIOQUAL/ Baxter BioPharma Solutions/ Sanofi/ Recipharm
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1273), (TAK-919), (TAK-919), (SPIKEVAX™)
Product Description
BioNTech/ Pfizer/ Fosun Pharma/ Rentschler Biopharma
3 LNP-mRNAs; BNT162
Product Description
CureVac/Bayer/Novartis
RNA; mRNA (CVnCoV)
Product Description
ModernaTX,
Inc.
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1273.211)
Product Description
Arcturus/Duke-NUS/ Catalent
RNA; mRNA; (LUNAR-COV19), (ARCT-021)
Product Description
People's Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/ Walvax Biotech
mRNA (ARCoV)
Product Description
Gennova/ HDT Biotech Corporation
Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine; (HGCO19)
Product Description
Daiichi-Sankyo/ University of Tokyo's Institute of Medical Science
RNA; mRNA (DS-5670)
Product Description
Chulalongkorn University/ Chula Vaccine Research Center/University of Pennsylvania
LNP-mRNA; (ChulaCov19)
Product Description
Elixirgen Therapeutics/ Fujita Health University
srRNA (EXG-5003)
Product Description
Sanofi Pasteur/ Translate Bio
LNP-mRNA
Product Description
Imperial College London/ VacEquity Global Health
RNA; LNP-nCoVsaRNA
Product Description
Moderna/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1273.351)
Product Description
Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc.
PTX-COVID19-B vaccine
Product Description
ModernaTX,
Inc.
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1283)
Product Description
ModernaTX, Inc.
RNA; LNP-encapsulated (mRNA-1273.529)
Product Description
GlaxoSmithKline/CureVac
Next-generation multi-valent mRNA-based vaccine; (CV2CoV)
Product Description
BiOCAD
RNA; liposome-encapsulated mRNA
Product Description
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS)/ Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity (Doherty Institute)
mRNA second generation COVID-19 vaccine
Product Description
SENAI CIMATEC/ HDT Bio Corp
Lipid-Inorganic Nanoparticle (LION™) formulated replicating RNA-based vaccine, (HDT-301)
Product Description
Globe Biotech Limited, Bangladesh
D614G variant LNP-encapsulated mRNA; (BANCOVID), (BANGAVAX)
Product Description
CureVac/UK Government (Vaccines Taskforce)
Multiple mRNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Product Description
GeneOne Life Science / Houston Methodist
mRNA; (GLS-3000)
Product Description
Infectious Disease Research Institute/ Amyris, Inc.
saRNA formulated in a NLC
Product Description
Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding S
Product Description
Chimeron Bio/ George Mason University's National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease
Self amplifying RNA, self-assembling delivery system
Product Description
Centro Nacional Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Spain
RNA; Replicating defective SARS-CoV-2 derived RNAs
Product Description
RNAimmune, Inc.
RNA; several mRNA candidates
Product Description
Greenlight Biosciences
mRNA
Product Description
Fudan University / Shanghai JiaoTong University / RNACure Biopharma
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding RBD
Product Description
Ziphius Therapeutics/ Ghent University
RNA; ZIP-1642, vaccine consists of a combination of mRNA molecules, encoding multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens
Product Description
CanSino Biologics/Precision Nanosystems
RNA; mRNA lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP)
Product Description
China CDC / Tongji University / Stermina
RNA; mRNA
Product Description
IDIBAPS- Hospital Clinic, Spain
mRNA
Product Description
Federal Budgetary Research Institution (FBRI) State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR"
RNA; mRNA
Product Description
Fudan University / Shanghai JiaoTong University / RNACure Biopharma
RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP
Product Description
eTheRNA Immunotherapies / EpiVax/ Nexelis/ REPROCELL / Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination of the University of Antwerp
RNA; mRNA in an intranasal delivery system (cross-strain protective COV-2 mRNA) vaccine for high-risk populations
Product Description
Selcuk University
mRNA
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
Virus-like particle
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines closely resemble viruses but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material. Since VLPs cannot replicate, they provide a safer alternative to attenuated viruses. Examples include the HPV vaccine.
VBI Vaccines / National Research Council of Canada/ Therapure Biomanufacturing
Enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP): Pan-coronavirus vaccine candidate, targeting COVID-19, SARS, and MERS, spike protein (VBI-2900)
Product Description
Arizona State University
Plasmid driven production of virus like particles (VLPs) containing S, M, N and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2
Product Description
Arizona State University
Myxoma virus co-expressing S, M, N and E proteins
Product Description
Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
VLP
Product Description
Tampere University
VLPs produced in BEVS
Product Description
University of Manitoba
Virus-like particle-based dendritic cell-targeting vaccine
Product Description
ARTES Biotechnology
VLP; eVLP
Product Description
University of Sao Paulo
VLPs peptides/whole virus
Product Description
Imophoron Ltd / Bristol University's Max Planck Centre
VLP; ADDomerTM multiepitope display
Product Description
Doherty Institute
VLP; unknown
Product Description
Mahidol University/ The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO)/ Siriraj Hospital
VLP + Adjuvant
Product Description
Medicago Inc./ Dynavax
VLP (CoVLP)+ Adjuvant (CpG 1018)
Product Description
IrsiCaixa AIDS Research/ IRTA-CReSA/ Barcelona Supercomputing Centre/ Grifols
S protein integrated in HIV VLPs
Product Description
Saiba GmbH
VLP; virus-like particle, based on RBD displayed on virus-like particle
Product Description
Medicago
Inc./ GSK
VLP (CoVLP)+ Adjuvant
Product Description
OSIVAX
VLP (COVID-19 and SARS1)
Product Description
Bezmialem Vakif University
VLP
Product Description
Navarrabiomed, Oncoimmunology group
Virus-like particles, lentivirus, and baculovirus vehicles
Product Description
Radboud University
ABNCoV2 capsid virus-like particle, formulated with and without the adjuvant MF59
Product Description
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK)/ Middle East Technical University/ Bilkent University
VLP
Product Description
Icosavax
VLP displaying the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD); (IVX-411)
Product Description
Serum Institute of India/ Accelagen Pty/ SpyBiotech
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP vaccine
Product Description
Medicago Inc./ GlaxoSmithKline
VLP; plant-derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjuvants; (CoVLP)
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
Other Vaccines
From a gene-encoded antibody vaccine to a self-assembling vaccine and more, these are the vaccines being developed that do not fall easily into one of the other product categories or details about its category are not publicly available.
United
Biomedical (UBI)/ c19
Unknown
Product Description
Oragenics (Noachis Terra)/ Aragen Bioscience
TerraCoV2
Product Description
NidoVax
unknown; IMT504 technology
Product Description
Vault Pharma/ University of California Los Angeles
nanoparticles (vaults) as second-line defense of infection
Product Description
Tulane University
Unknown
Product Description
Catholic University/ Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy/ Technological Consortium in Clinical Molecular Biomedicine, Chile
Unknown
Product Description
HaloVax (Voltron Therapeutics) / The Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center at the Massachusetts General Hospital
Self-assembling vaccine (fusion protein of a heat shock protein and Avidin, with biotinylated immunogenic peptides)
Product Description
Vivaldi Biosciences/ Esco Aster Pte Ltd
Chimeric vaccine (coronavirus and influenza)
Product Description
Adeleke University
Unknown
Product Description
AbVision
AVI-205
Product Description
Codiak BioSciences/ Ragon Institute
exoVACC exome platform
Product Description
Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Children's Hospital
Unknown
Product Description
Vir Biotechnology / GSK
Unknown
Product Description
ISR Immune System Regulation
ISR-50
Product Description
Developer / Researcher
PRE
I
II
III
RR
AU
Covid-19 vaccine tracker
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